The Transmission of the I Ching to the West and the Changes in Its Cultural Imagery Through Translation

Abstract

This article explores the transmission of the I Ching to the West and the evolution of its cultural imagery through translation. As a cornerstone of Chinese traditional philosophy, the I Ching has influenced numerous fields, from astronomy and medicine to ethics and science. One of the earliest Chinese texts to be introduced to the West, it has, to some extent, shaped Western intellectual thought. The article traces the journey of the I Ching from the late 17th to early 18th century, beginning with Jesuit missionaries such as Joachim Bouvet, Joseph de Prémare, and Jean Francoise Foucquet, who interpreted the text through a Christian lens, seeking parallels between Confucian symbols and Christian doctrine. In contrast, the early 20th century saw a shift with the rise of scientific and archaeological criticism during China’s New Culture Movement, where scholars used modern methodologies to analyze the I Ching, stripping away its traditional metaphysical interpretations. This trend transformed the I Ching into a book of divination, reflecting the primitive aspects of society. The article also highlights how the text was embraced in the West, particularly during the early 20th century, where scholars like Richard Wilhelm interpreted its teachings as a guide to overcoming the cultural crises in Europe following World War I. The study underscores the dynamic, evolving nature of the I Ching’s interpretations and its ongoing significance in cross-cultural communication and intellectual history.